Enhanced biocompatibility and mechanical properties in carbon nanotube-reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites: a review for biomedical applications

Abstract

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites represent a promising material platform for biomedical applications, particularly prosthetic systems requiring flexibility, durability, and mechanical resilience. These composites exhibit enhanced tensile strength, elasticity, and fatigue resistance, while offering improved biocompatibility when appropriately functionalised. This review examines recent advances in CNT synthesis, including chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and arc discharge methods, together with covalent and non-covalent functionalisation approaches aimed at improving dispersion and reducing cytotoxicity. Despite encouraging progress, challenges persist, including CNT agglomeration, long-term biocompatibility uncertainties, regulatory constraints, and production costs. Key research gaps are identified, including sustainable synthesis routes, standardised chronic biocompatibility evaluation, and patient-specific customisation. Addressing dispersion control, long-term safety validation, and scalability will be essential for establishing CNT-NR composites as next-generation materials for durable, multifunctional prosthetic devices.