Flooding in recent times has been linked to various hydrological characteristics that are associated with dams and their surrounding features, some of which are outflow, inflow, rainfall, temperature, and water elevation, among others. Although its causes have been traced to natural and human-induced factors, it is also important to investigate the various hydrological characteristics of dams to understand and manage flooding. The relationship between these features has a great effect on the amount of outflow, which in turn relates to the flooding of communities downstream. This study seeks to assess and analyse the impact of inflow, rainfall, temperature, and water level on the outflow of water from the dam. This impact was evaluated using statistical techniques such as time series, correlation, and regression analysis. The result shows that outflow in dams has a positive correlation of 0.280738, 0.873933, 0.148858, and 0.55576 with rainfall, inflow, temperature, and water elevation, respectively. Water inflow and elevation thus have a greater influence on water outflow, R2 values show that inflow can predict 76.4% of the volume of outflow while temperature has the lowest value of 0.22%. More study of the factors that influence inflows has been recommended, as has the forecast of future outflows and output.

Abstract

Elections are the major hallmark of democratic societies and many countries have begun applyi Geographic Information System (GIS) to manage the electoral process. GIS is also utilised by political parties to access the dispositions of voters and determine where to focus their campaign efforts. In a GIS, a combination of thematic layers of administrative areas such as population and land use can yield meaningful relationships or scenarios critical to decision-making processes and this makes it an exceptional tool for the management and analyses of election at all stages. Nigeria’s national electoral body, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has not been very proactive in leveraging GIS and Information Technology for ensuring hitch-free, free and fair elections in the country. GIS is key in enforcing the transparency of this system. This paper reviews the developments of GIS for election mapping in Nigeria and discusses their applications in Nigeria’s electoral system. The study shows that the status of GIS applications for electoral mapping in Nigeria is still in an infancy stage. The critical turning point lies in the full exploitation of GIS by the government’s electoral apparatus.