Physio-Chemical varieble heavy metals and macro invertabrates distribution along a pharmaceutical wastewater impactected stream in Minna, Niger State Nigeria

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of Pharmaceutical effluent on the physico-chemical parameters, heavy Metalsand macro-invertebrates distribution along a pharmaceutical wastewater impacted stream in Minna. All parame-ters were determined using Standard method. Collection of sample was done in 4 sites of the Stream in Maitumbi,Minna. The method of APHA, (Abboud, 2014) was employed for the physico-chemical parameters with the use ofMulti-parameter meter (H19813) Grochek and Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer model Model JPB-607.The heavy metaldetermination was carryout using the procedure of (Kruis, 2005; APHA, 2014) and Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometer (AAS) model MY15110001. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for determi-nation of anti-bionics in the effluent from the four samples sites. Macro-invertebrates samples were collected and analyzed using the procedures of APHA, (2014). Statistical analysis of data was done at 5% level of significance (P<0.05). Results showed that pH(7.6±.28-8.94±.61),Electrical Conductivity (463.6±115.59-1710.6±682.32 μs/cm),Temperature (26.4±.55-33.46±1.26℃),TDS(223.4±55)(1433±170.79 mg/l). Dissolved Oxygen.(3.44±.534.64±.14 mg/l),Alkalinity (118± 19.54-1238 ± 95.7 mg/l), Calcium (28.592±5.76-44.66±7.22 mg/l), carbon dioxide (6.084±1.1819.35±4.56 mg/l)Total Hardness(71.4±6.5-153±29.35) was within the acceptable limits set by Nigeria indus-trial Standard (NIS) and (WHO). Majority of other variables tested have values that are beyond the standard valuesof WHO,FEPA and USEPA with Conductivity and TDS having outrageous results. Similarly, the results of heavymetals analysis showed Lead to be absent in the effluents, but, indicates that Cadmium (0.00±00-0.35±.31 mg/l),Copper(0.25±0.12-29±0.49 mg/l),Manganese (0.14±0.05-25±60 mg/l) was detected at levels above the acceptablelimit set by national and international Standard organizations. The results of Macro-invertebrates shows a total of148 macro-invertebrate taxa, representing 3 orders in 6 families recorded during the 6-month study.Of the majorfauna groups,diptera contributed the highest percentage 70.95% of individual abundance which was significantlydiferent (P<0.05) among stations. Pollution tolerant (Chironomus) species at sites were better represented at sta-tion 2,3and 4.The results of anti-biotic analyzed are; Ciprofloxacin (concentration 0.049 μ/cm,0.099μ/cm,0.203 μ/cm) and 0.188 μ/cm (Control); Amoxicillin (0.571 μ/cm; 0.3 μ/cm;0.076 μ/cm; and 0.045 μ/cm (Control) Ampicillin(0.296 μ/cm,0.12 μ/cm,0.597 μ/cm and 0.296 μ/cm(Control); Metronidazole (0.249 μ/cm, 0.125 μ/cm,0.063 μ/cm and0.011 μ/cm(Control); Tetracycline (0.104 μ/cm, 0.099 μ/cm, 0.048 μ/cm, and 0.023 μ/cm (Control).They are at concentrations more than or equal to detection limits of selected methods. The presence of the drug signifies possible see page of pharmaceutical effluents into groundwater. The presence of some Dipteran Species associated with low dissolved oxygen levels in the impacted site bears credence to the fact that the chemical components of the wastewater were lethal to some aquatic forms. This calls for an abrupt use of modern treatments plants to reduce the level of toxicity that may results from discharge of the effluents which find their way into the water bodies around and pose threat to man and animals that depends on such water for survival. The use of bio-indicator organisms forestoration and remediation programme is highly recommended