Toxicological impact and biotransformation of xenobiotics: Novel biological discoveries to combat toxicity

Abstract

Environmental pollution has led to significant contamination of air, water, and soil, which increases the concentration of xenobiotics in the ecological system. "Xenobiotic" refers to any strange or foreign compound not in order within the normal metabolic pathways of a biological system. Researchers have shown the effect of xenobiotics' toxicity in living organisms but have not recommended natural treatment sources to combat the toxicity. The review assesses the toxicological impact and biotransformation of xenobiotics, “Novel Biological Discoveries to Combat Toxicity." Continuous exposure causes significant damage and can display neurological defects, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, immunological toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, skin toxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Xenobiotics such as potentially toxic elements, chloro pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are not easily degradable and are of environmental and human health concern due to their detrimental effects through toxicological health risks. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase are defense mechanisms known to reduce (scavenge) reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxides are also affected by xenobiotics. Cellular components are affected when xenobiotic-induced ROS production exceeds thresholds, which leads to oxidative stress. The toxicity mechanisms of xenobiotics,Treatment options of toxicity, bioremediation, and biodegradation of xenobiotics are highlighted. This literature also discuss the biomonitoring, risk assessment, and xenobiotics' fate in soil, sediment, air, water, waste sludge, and food. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the effect of xenobiotics, antioxidant defense mechanisms, bioremediation, biodegradation, toxicity, and novel therapeutics insights from biological sources to combat toxicity.