ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS ON SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIA FROM PATIENTS ATTENDING GENERAL HOSPITAL MINNA, NIGERIA

Abstract

Medicinal plants are effective source of both traditional and modern medicines. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants on selected pathogenic bacteria from patients attending General Hospital Minna, Nigeria. The pathogenic organisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella bongori and Klebsiella pneumonia) and the plant materials (Calotropis procera leaf, Leptadenia hastata stem and Securidaca longipedunculata stem) were collected from Minna metropolis. The isolates were identified, characterized and confirmed using cultural, morphological and molecular techniques while the plant materials were extracted using cold maceration techniques and further partitioned into n-Hexane, ethylacetate and residual aqueous. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and saponings from all the three plants but tannins was found to be absent in Leptadenia hastata stem. The highest activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract was recorded against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.60±0.2 mm) whereas with Leptadenia hastata stem and Securidaca longipedunculata the activities of 21.55±0.65 mm and 13.15±0.15 mm were observed against Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli all at the concentration of 300 mg/mL respectively. The least MIC and MBC values of 37.5 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL were observed against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas, 18.75mg/ mL and 37mg/ mL against Klebsella pneumonia, 75mg/ mL and 150mg/ mL Escherichia coli from Calotropis procera leaf, Leptadenia hastata stem and Securidaca longipedunculata stem respectively. Some of the fractions of the partitioned extract showed some increased level of activity against some of the organisms whereas some showed decreased level of activity. The most common compound presents in the extracts when analyzed using GC-MS was 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(C18H32O2). The study revealed that the plants material could be a good candidate for use in the management of bacteria and other related illness as used in the research, although further evaluation need to be carried out in other to fully validate its usage.